Etude acoustique sur le serpent et les voix, article publié
lors du Congrès Européen d'Acoustique: Forum
Acusticum 2005 qui s'est déroulé à Budapest
du 29 Aout au 2 Septembre 2005 (Cette conférence a été
donnée le 29 Aout 2005)
Vous pouvez choisir parmis les différentes rubriques
de cette page:
- Introduction
- The sound of the serpent
- The serpent and the voice
- How does the serpent work
- Conclusion
- références
Contribution of acoustic in playing
early instruments in agreement with historical usage: the serpent as
example.
Volny HOSTIOU
The serpent is a wind instrument, made of wood, played by means of
a mouthpiece, which classes it in the brass instruments family. Appearing
in France about the end of the XVIth century, the serpent was invented,
according to historical documents, to sustain voices in church choirs.
Imbert de Sens, who wrote the first method for serpent in 1780, gave
a predominant place to the serpent: « Cet instrument, dont l’utilité
pour l’Office divin, le rend au-dessus de tous les autres, est
établi pour soutenir les voix, les rendre juste… »
, This instrument, whose use in sacred music makes it the most important,
has to sustain voices and control the pitch of the choir.
Today, the serpent has been used again for the last 20 years in early
music ensembles. The musicians have to find the way to play serpent,
in agreement with historical usage. Acoustical studies are a means to
understand the interferences between instruments and voices in early
music formations.
Emile Leipp and Murray Campbell have pointed out acoustic characteristics
of the serpent for serpent players who have to search each note with
their lips to find the good intonation. We have completed these studies
by spectrographic measures realised with Charles Besnainou (Laboratoire
d’Acoustique Musicale de Paris, CNRS). This study shows especially
how the serpent completes the spectra of voices.
1 Introduction
Figure 1 : Baudoin (facteur), Serpent, France, XIXe siècle,
Paris, Musée de la
Musique, E. 575 (photograph, V. Hostiou).
The serpent is a bass wind instrument played by means of a mouthpiece.
It therefore belongs to the brass instrument family, even though it
is made of wood covered in leather. Its mouthpiece is similar to present
day brass instruments, close to that used for the trombone. We can also
compare it to that of the bass cornet, but its opening is wider.
In his Memoirs on the ecclesiastical and civilian history of Auxerre
[1], the only known document suggesting a precise date for the invention
of the serpent, Abbot Lebeuf attributes its creation to Edmé
Guillaume, a Canon from Auxerre. The date: 1590. Unfortunately, the
author does not give a source. With the absence of any precise documentation,
the exact origin of the serpent remains difficult to specify but in
the seventeenth century it developed all over France and became the
major instrument used to accompany church singing throughout the kingdom.
The serpent would appear to have been conceived as an accompaniment
to choral singing, intensifying the bass line during services. At first
it was essentially devoted to religious vocal music. It was to remain
one of the leading church instruments until the middle of the nineteenth
century, when, little by little, it was replaced by other instruments.
From the eighteenth century, as well as its religious function, the
serpent had a very different use in military bands. It was to become
one of the major instruments in these bands, which are closely related
to present day wind bands. This new function led to a technical evolution
of the instrument. Its shape changed to enable it to be more easily
held and played while marching or riding on a horse. Extra keys were
added for better intonation and greater virtuosity. A great many pieces
were written for the serpent as a military instrument.
During the nineteenth century the serpent was also used in symphony
orchestras. This new employment was often linked to the strongly charged
religious symbol of the instrument itself: Mendelssohn devotes a part
to it in his oratorio, Paulus and Berlioz features it in the Dies Irae¹
of the Symphonie Fantastique.
After gradually falling into disuse from the middle of the nineteenth
century, the serpent was rediscovered in England by Christopher Monk,
and he was the first to make serpents from a model belonging to French
instrument maker, Baudoin.[2]
2 The sound of the serpent
The serpent is very close in conception to the bass cornet (an instrument
made of wood covered in leather, played by means of a mouthpiece). They
have the same spectrographic signature: five main successive harmonics.
Figure 2: Spectrogram of the serpent on ut 2 (serpent player : V. Hostiou)
However, the serpent has its own distinctive sound, due to its wide
opening and mouthpiece, shaped like a spherical bowl. In contrast to
the bass cornet, which has a direct, dense sound, and modern brass instruments,
which have a bright, showy sound, the serpent is a very soft instrument,
with a warm sound that fills the space around it. These characteristics
are ideal for the precise use to which it was put: the accompaniment
to church choirs.
The choice of mouthpiece is very important for the quality of sound.
We have carried out a study on the important collection of mouthpieces
in the Musée de la Musique in Paris. [2] There are two types
of bowl shape for serpent mouthpieces. The first is a conical shape,
which gives a very bright sound with a lot of interference's. We suggest
that this was the most effective sound for serpents used in military
bands but it is not the best sound we can obtain with a serpent.
The other mouthpiece shape, used on older instruments, is a hemisphere.
With this, we can produce a very large and pure sound, close to that
of the human voice, which fits in with the serpent¹s historical
role as accompanying instrument to a church choir.


Figure 3 and 4: Serpent mouthpiece and X-ray photography (spheric bowl)
X-ray photo, Musée de la Musique de Paris
3 The serpent and the voice
Treatises and writings about the serpent in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries clearly indicate that this instrument¹s purpose is to
accompany voices. Abbé Lebeuf, who provides the earliest evidence
of the serpent, shows it clearly in his text on Edmé Guillaume
(creator of the instrument according to Lebeuf): «[Edmé
Guillaume] invented an instrument capable of giving a new quality to
Gregorian chant. »[1]
Therefore the sound of the serpent has to merge with the voices and
support them without drowning them. Mersenne praises the quality of
the serpent¹s sound in his Universal Harmony:
« Or cet instrument est capable de soustenir vingt voix des plus
fortes, dont il est si aysé de ioüer qu’un enfant
de quinze ans en peut sonner aussi fort cômme un homme de trente
ans. Et l’on peut tellement en adoucir le son qu’il sera
propre pour ioindre aux voix de la musique douce des chambres, […]
» [3]
Now this instrument is capable of supporting twenty of the strongest
voices, and is so easy to play that a young person of fifteen can produce
as strong a sound as a man of thirty. But its sound can be softened
to make it suitable as an accompaniment to quieter chamber music choirs.
As far as the characteristics of the sound of the serpent are concerned,
a spectrographic study by Emile Leipp shows that the voice and the serpent
are complementary. Indeed the instrument reinforces the deep harmonic
spectrum of the voice.
« Pourquoi Mersenne et d'autres, insistent-ils sur le fait que
le serpent est surtout utile pour accompagner les voix, les soutenir
dans le grave, leur « donner du creux » (entendez du fondamental
objectif.... ). Pour comprendre à quel point ces observations
et cet usage sont justifiés, il suffit de comparer l'allure de
spectre du serpent avec celle d'une voix de basse d'opéra ....
Ici, le chanteur produit des spectres denses dans la zone sensible de
l'oreille; il "place" sa voix pour la rendre auditivement
la plus efficace possible pour l'oreille; mais le "grave"
du spectre d'une voix de basse ne montre que peu d'énergie dans
les fréquences graves : le serpent apportera donc du «
creux » dans l'association serpent-chanteur. » [4]
Why do Mersenne and others stress the fact that the serpent is especially
useful for accompanying voices, supporting them in the low register,
and filling in the gap. To understand why these observations are in
every way justified, one only has to compare the spectrum of a serpent
with that of an opera bass. Here, the singer produces dense spectrums
in the sensitive are of the ear: he projects his voice so that it can
most efficiently heard. But the bass singer¹s spectrum shows that
there is little energy in the deeper frequencies: so the serpent will
complete the deep register in the serpent-singer combination.
The following spectrograms, show the complementary nature of the serpent
and the singers in the deep harmonic spectrum: recording of a Kyrie
in plain song (3 bass singers with one serpent)
1: Serpent alone
2 : Singers alone

3 : Singers and serpent together

In blue: the singers’ spectrum, in red the serpent. Measurements
carried out by Charles Besnainou in Pontigny Abbey with three basses
and a serpent. (V. Hostiou)
Figures 5-8, spectrographs: serpent and voices sounds
4 How does the serpent work
Another characteristic of the quality of sound produced by this instrument
is the importance of resonance. The serpent produces a a direct, rather
thin sound as it leaves the body of the instrument, so wind and interference
are audible. It is the ambient acoustic, if it offers sufficient reverberation,
that allows the development of the serpent¹s sound. It can fill
the space, even if it is very large, without emitting a too powerful
direct sound. When accompanying a choir, the serpent fill out the harmonic
bass by reinforcing the bass voices.
The position of the six holes on the serpent in the seventeenth and
eighteenth century, before the keys were added, does not have any logical,
acoustic reason, and that is why the serpent player must regulate the
intonation for every note by adjusting air pressure and lip position.
If the player constrains the sound too much with his lips, the resonance
of the serpent, which gives the sound its colour, will not be used.
In consequence he must adjust his playing to focus the sound of the
serpent, and find its resonance in order to best fill the space in which
he is playing.
The purpose of the holes is essentially to favour certain harmonics
and not to determine a precise note. [5] The following diagram show
the difference in the spectrum with two different fingerings for the
same note, at exactly the same pitch.
Figure 9: This spectrograph shows two fingers combinations for a same
note
We can see clearly that the third harmonic component is present or
not according to the fingering D1 or D2. Measurements by Charles Besnainou
in L.A.M., serpent : Volny Hostiou
5 Conclusion
The serpent, played ideally in a church type acoustic, forms a warm
bass enveloping the sound of the voices without supplanting them. When
a serpent accompanies a choir, it widens the harmonic base considerably
by reinforcing the basses and causing them to resonate.
If an acoustic study does not permit sufficient insight into the workings
of the serpent to allow the design of a perfect instrument, it does
however, illustrate the musician's perspective and corroborates the
existing historical documentation.
References
[1 ] Jean Lebeuf (abbot), Mémoires civiles et ecclésiastiques
d’Auxerre, Paris, Durand, 1745, Vol.1, p.643.
[2] You can find more historic and musical details about the serpent
in the book of the same author : HOSTIOU, Volny, Le Serpent d’église
en France de son apparition à la Révolution, Master of
musicology conducted by F. Billiet, Paris 4 Sorbonne University, may
2004, 171p.
[3] Marin Mersenne, Harmonie Universelle, Paris, 1636, reprint, C.N.R.S.,
Paris, 1986, vol 3, livre 5, proposition XXV, p. 281.
[4] Émile Leipp, « Le serpent un monstre acoustique »,
Bulletin du Groupe d’Acoustique Musicale, n° 63, Oct 1972,
p.11. (the author didn’t reproduce the ? which enable him to end
up these conclusions).
[5]Murray Campbell, « Intonation et résonances acoustiques
des cornets à bouquin et des serpents », Acoustique et
instruments anciens, colloque organisé par la Société
française d'acoustique et la cité de la Musique, 17 et
18 novembre 1998, Cité de la musique, Société française
d'acoustique, 1999, p. 125-137.